Spiritual Minorities

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CICNS Archive

253 stories

Articles and interviews preserved from the Centre d'information et de conseil des nouvelles spiritualités (CICNS).

CICNS, the Centre d’information et de conseil des nouvelles spiritualités, described itself as an independent centre, open to the new spiritualities and to anyone wanting to inform themselves seriously about them. Among its stated objectives was ending the association between criminality and spiritual minorities, which it saw as a media-driven stigmatisation. It recognised that abuses of power, trust and weakness can exist within spiritual minorities as within any other group, and held that proven abuses must be dealt with by the justice system on the same footing as abuses of the same nature committed in other groups.

The pieces on this shelf — articles, case files and interviews — are republished in English translation, each citing its source at the foot of the post; the dated ones appeared between 2004 and 2014. They are preserved here so that English-language readers can consult what CICNS and its interviewees actually said. They are commentary of their moment — France’s cult controversy of the 2000s — and should be read as period documents, not as reporting on the present.

For a guide to this collection, grouped by voice, see the CICNS Interviews Guide.

Anti-cult movements

CICNS Questions and Answers: The Association's English FAQ

Nineteen questions and answers in which the CICNS sets out, in its own English, what it does and does not claim: that abuses exist but are rare and are matters for the courts, that the word applied to spiritual minorities is the instrument of their stigmatisation, that brainwashing is a demagogic concept, and who exactly is behind the association.

Anti-cult movements

Anti-Cultism Is a Decoy

Guy Delaunay's long essay arguing that anti-cultism does not fight the cults but constructs the cult object, from Coupat's account of antiterrorism to the 2006 commission's 80,000-children figure that its own civil servants refuted on camera.

Anti-cult movements

Selected Extracts from Our Interviews

CICNS's own anthology of its interview archive: Morelli on who awards the label, Duval on the French axis of evil, Baubérot on asking the manipulation question of everyone, lawyers Biro, Florand, Canonici, Pérollier and Joseph on the legal machinery, and a dozen more voices, in their spoken language.

Religious freedom & law

The Witch-Hunt Is Open

Olivier Golinvaux's Québécois Libre essay on the French cult panic: from sequi and secare to Weber and Troeltsch, how the word was secularised into 'dangerousness', why the ten Gest criteria self-destruct, and what the State's hold on the market in beliefs really protects.

Media & public opinion

QED, or the "State Spanking"

Claude-Gérard Sarrazin's polemical epistemology lesson: acts of faith beneath scientific knowledge, measuring instruments that cannot measure what they deny, the placebo as unexplained process, and the argument from authority that rules the paranormal inadmissible.

Anti-cult movements

Cult and Democracy

Sociologist Françoise Champion, co-editor of the reference volume Sectes et démocratie, interviewed in Les trois mondes: politicians who privately admit the phenomenon is marginal and publicly forget it, media that no longer know what religion is, and the case-by-case method that would depassion the debate.

Religious freedom & law

A Certain Feeling of Desolation

Daniel Fradette, president of Montreal's CINR, interviewed in Les 3 mondes on the French exception seen from Quebec: a witch-hunt conducted in the name of rationality, a repressed religion-State dispute resurfacing, and the mediation experience Quebec could lend.

Anti-cult movements

The State Is a Cult: Hervé Duray Applies the Parliamentary Criteria to the State

A contributed essay from La Page Libérale, republished by the CICNS with an explicit disagreement note: Hervé Duray takes the parliamentary commission's seven cult indicators - mental destabilisation, exorbitant financial demands, indoctrination of children and the rest - and applies each one, point by point, to the French State itself, before dissecting the About-Picard extension of the abuse-of-weakness offence.

Anti-cult movements

Sociological Study of a Pentecostal Assembly Labelled a 'Cult': The Porte Ouverte Chrétienne Case

The CICNS's reading report on the 2004 Willaime and Amiotte-Suchet study of the Mulhouse Pentecostal assembly Mission du Plein Évangile - La Porte Ouverte Chrétienne: how a theological quarrel and some disappointed members were transformed, by the CCMM, the AVIPOC and a national anti-cult climate the sociologists call paranoid, into a full stigmatisation process, with long extracts on the semantic career of the word 'secte'.

Anti-cult movements

Interview with Janine Tavernier (1)

The outgoing UNADFI president tells Technikart in 2001 that people now see cults everywhere, that the Steiner schools her grandchildren attend are wrongly catalogued, and that she is leaving as more dogmatic voices arrive.

Anti-cult movements

Le phénomène des sectes: The CICNS Reads Quebec's Info-Secte

The CICNS presents and criticises the Info-Secte book by Mike Kropveld and Marie-Andrée Pelland - the most balanced French-language treatment it has found, and still, it argues, marked by cult-phobia - then reprints long extracts on why people join groups, on Quebec's law of religious freedom, and on the difference between a good guru and an infantilising, abusing or swindling one.

Religious freedom & law

Forced Psychiatric Commitments

Valérie Dole's sourced inquiry into forced psychiatric commitment in France: 52,000 forced hospitalisations in 2000, the I3P infirmary operating outside the law, and the ministry advice that ties guardianship to the cult accusation.

Media & public opinion

LCP Channel - "Beware of the Gurus"

CICNS's running commentary on the parliamentary channel's October 2011 report marking ten years of the About-Picard law: Waco and Solar Temple images out of context, a poll figure misattributed to Ipsos, an ongoing trial prejudged, and 'mental manipulation' presented as technical science.

Anti-cult movements

La peur des sectes: Kristoff Talin Reviews the Duhaime and Saint-Arnaud Colloquium

A review from the Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale of the 2001 Montreal volume: Jean-François Mayer on the researcher caught between public security and science, Alain Bouchard on how the media metaphorise the Raëlians, Jean Duhaime on religious diversity in the Canadian armed forces, and a legal chapter finding French law more nuanced case by case than its public policy suggests.

Anti-cult movements

Individus et pouvoirs face aux sectes: Nathalie Luca on Why the Threatening Movements Change from Country to Country

The anthropologist who resigned from the MIVILUDES steering council argues that a group's dangerousness is read from a state's symbolic frontiers rather than from the group itself: the same movements, a different threat in each country. Long extracts on Germany's refusal to publish a list, Britain's case-by-case approach and the Accoyer witness law, with the CICNS's own commentary of March 2009.

Case files

An Ethnologist at the Mandarom: Maurice Duval on the Pressures of Studying a Group France Had Already Judged

A condensed reading of Un ethnologue au Mandarom: the only French ethnologist to have lived inside the group recounts the CNRS letter warning that his relativism might banalise it, a journal's demand that he not say the rumour was unfounded and that he audit the group's finances, a university refusing his colloquium, and what he actually found on the accusations of confined children, drugs and rape.

Media & public opinion

Cults, Media and Single-Track Thinking

Éric Bouzou's enquiry into the France 2 hidden-camera programme Les infiltrés: why CICNS declined the panel, the three-to-one ratio of anti-cult voices, and what Chomsky, Bourdieu and the profession's own critics say about a journalism that cries wolf.

Anti-cult movements

The Impossible Mediation: How the UNADFI Argues That Dialogue Cannot Happen

André Tarassi takes the ADFI's own bulletin editorial of late 2003 line by line: the follower who says he is free proves he is not, the brainwashing that is selective enough to leave him absolutely normal before a judge, the cult compared to a drug dealer and a pimp so that no mediation need ever be attempted - and the Camus quotation on true dialogue with which the editorial closes.

Religious freedom & law

The Unification Church of Sun Myong Moon

Laurent Ladouce's history of thirty years of his movement in France, introduced by CICNS: how Ouest-France coined 'la secte Moon' in 1975, how Boyer's 'Empire Moon' replaced it under Mitterrand, and how brainwashing, deprogramming and State harassment mirrored the thing they denounced.

Media & public opinion

The Media Treatment of the "Cults"

Anne Morelli, historian of religions at the ULB, recounts from the inside how a France 2 'debate' on cults was built: names banned, invited witnesses barred at the MIVILUDES's request, a guest walked off the set, and her own microphone switched off.

Media & public opinion

"Plus belle la vie"?

When France's most-watched soap ran a ten-week cult storyline in 2008, CICNS traced the plot beat by beat: every anti-cult archetype rendered as realism, down to a judge doing something no French judge can legally do.

Anti-cult movements

Les radis de la colère: Jean-Pierre Joseph on What He Believes the Hunt for Cults Is Really For

A chapter reprinted from the lawyer Jean-Pierre Joseph's book, arguing that the anti-cult campaign exists to neutralise anyone - farmer, craftsman, homeopath, agrarian community - who escapes a centralised economy: with a detailed account of how television reports are edited to manufacture menace, and a six-point indictment of the 1995 parliamentary commission that classified 172 movements in fifty minutes.

Religious freedom & law

Reductionists and Enlargers: Two Forms of Intelligence, and What Happens When One Wins

Claude-Gérard Sarrazin's chapter on the ontological frontier between those who admit only matter and those who admit more: how the free-thinkers were right against religious hegemony, and how their heirs, he argues, are now taking up the torch of the fundamentalists they defeated - by refusing publication, by dismissing intelligence tests, and finally by curtailing the right to live according to one's conscience.

Media & public opinion

Hide That Religion I Do Not Wish to See

Alain Bouchard, sociologist of religion at Université Laval, on the 'religiously correct': the implicit norm that religion be private, rational and undemonstrative, and how the mediatised church and the mediatised cult are its two mirror images in Quebec.

Government inquiries

The Renseignements Généraux (1)

Part one of the CICNS dossier on France's political police: the 1995 order article by article with plain-language glosses, the three files, the wiretap cards marked Secret Source, and how informers are recruited and paid.

Government inquiries

The Renseignements Généraux (2)

Part two of the CICNS dossier on France's political police: the daily minister's dossier, the unheaded white notes, the Salamandre election simulator, the covert OCSS polling office, and the cult database that became a reference.

Media & public opinion

A Wretched and Fearful Society That Seeks to Smother the Spiritual Impulse

A neighbour who would kill Jehovah's Witnesses in the street, bombs outside a church, an ADFI representative saying on Europe 1 that she understands people who plant them: the CICNS takes the measure of twenty years of conditioning, then answers, one by one, the objections its own readers send in - the cults exist all the same, there are dangerous groups, I have a right to protect my children.

Anti-cult movements

Régis Dericquebourg: The Sociologist's Point of View

An interview with the Lille psycho-sociologist on the church-sect distinction, on why there is no legal definition of a sect and why a pluralist State should not supply one, on the five sociological conditions that lead someone into a minority religious group, and on the turnover that sees followers stay four or five years.

Anti-cult movements

Sociology of the Cults in France: A France Culture Discussion with Esquerre, Iacub and Favret-Saada

Extracts from La suite dans les idées of 7 July 2009: how the point of support for naming a cult shifted from the Bible to mental manipulation, and with it who does the naming; the ethnologist of witchcraft on a phenomenon constituted entirely by its accusers; the jurist on a State that protects citizens from their own choices; and the finding that the article introduced to fight the cults is applied almost everywhere except to them.

Religious freedom & law

Journey to the Heart of French Specificity

Christian Decoeur turns the argument from French specificity back on itself: from the Chevalier de La Barre beheaded for keeping his hat on to two schoolgirls expelled for keeping their scarves on, and through a catalogue of what that specificity has actually produced - record psychotropic consumption, a justice system under the executive, a medicine that hurls anathemas, and a list of therapies that all end at the same guillotine word.

Anti-cult movements

La société des victimes by Guillaume Erner: When Compassion Becomes a Principle of Government

The CICNS's reading report on Erner's study of victimism, with long extracts: the victim as a social category rather than a biological fact, suffering as a secularised sacredness, moral harassment and the psychologisation of pain, and the argument that compassion, precious in private life, is at best an imposture as a principle of government - read against a French anti-cult policy built entirely on the victim's account.

Media & public opinion

Landmark Education - Right of Reply - France 3

Landmark Education's reply to the May 2004 Pièces à Conviction broadcast, as compiled by CICNS: the unnotified listing it could never be struck off, the promises France 3 made and broke, the experts the channel declined to consult, and a viewer's comment from the channel's own forum.

Media & public opinion

The Tragedy of St Paul

Ten deaths in Mauritius in August 2004, two EK medallions, and within days a whole religious minority under suspicion: Emile d'Albret traces how the French anti-cult template travelled to the Indian Ocean press, and defends nothing but the presumption of innocence.

Anti-cult movements

The CCMM

CICNS profile of the CCMM, the anti-cult association founded in 1981 by Roger Ikor, with quotations from Ikor's own articles and speeches of the 1980s.

Anti-cult movements

The Case of FECRIS

Rudolf Vis's memorandum to the Parliamentary Assembly arguing against consultative status for FECRIS, republished with a CICNS introduction, and taking each of the federation's six stated objectives in turn.

Religious freedom & law

The l'Essentiel Affair

CICNS case file on the 20 November 2000 raid by sixty armed gendarmes on the small Terranova spiritual community in the Aveyron, and the five years of surveillance, custody and trial that framed it.

Case files

The Gettliffe / Grant Affair

CICNS's dossier on the Gettliffe/Grant custody affair (2001-2009): the annotated Thémis-Phonetag blog debate over Nathalie Gettliffe's removal of her children from Canada, the court rulings on both sides of the Atlantic, and the October 2010 addendum.

Case files

The Dr Guéniot Affair

CICNS's case file on Dr Gérard Guéniot: the 2006 Lille conviction, the full 2009 Douai appeal acquittal, and how the media, ADFI/UNADFI and the MIVILUDES treated the 'Grail' cult affair.

Case files

The Trial of the Order of the Solar Temple

CICNS's press dossier on the Order of the Solar Temple trial: Michel Tabachnik's 2001 acquittal and 2006 appeal acquittal, the victims' families' fight to reopen the investigation, and the unanswered questions around the 74 deaths.

Case files

Jean-Pierre Brard's Run-Ins with the Law

CICNS dossier on deputy Jean-Pierre Brard's legal entanglements: his defamation conviction over the Jehovah's Witnesses upheld in cassation, the Chouraqui and Jasmeen rulings, and his clashes with the Protestant federations.

Case files

Jehovah's Witnesses in the French Courts: A Case File

CICNS's compiled case file on the Jehovah's Witnesses in France: the Picard and Brard defamation convictions, the 45-million-euro tax battle, the court-ordered disclosure of the intelligence files behind the 1996 cult list, and local hostility to their places of worship.

Case files

The Beatitudes Community Affair

CICNS's chronology of the Beatitudes community affair: the complaints and judicial proceedings, MIVILUDES's cautious handling, and the media's role in building the group's negative image.

Case files

Is French Justice Really Independent?

Starting from the 2007 Lisieux 'Parc d'accueil' affair, CICNS asks whether French justice can remain independent of rumor, media pressure and political influence, with extracts from Charles Debbasch and Jean-Louis Nadal.

Case files

The Archives of Maître Paturel, Part 1

CICNS opens the thousand-page archive of Maître Christian Paturel, the lawyer who prevailed over UNADFI at the European Court of Human Rights, starting with the 1993 mass removal of 33 children from 'La Famille'.

Case files

A Psychoanalyst in Prison!

Guy Delaunay's 2007 defense dossier on psychoanalyst Claude David, jailed amid cult-manipulation accusations, tracing the Fondation PI's history, the rumor campaigns against it, and the machinery of the French anti-cult fight.

Anti-cult movements

The CICNS Charter

The CICNS's own statement of what it is, why it was formed, and what its members pledge. Republished as provenance for the CICNS material archived on this site.

Media & public opinion

Is There Still a Place for Spirituality in Our Society?

Asked what spirituality means, the French answer moral values, love, the inner life and the beauty of nature; ninety per cent say they still feel wonder. André Tarassi sets those survey findings beside a public conversation in which the places where enchantment is sought are described as dangerous, and beside the record mistrust the same public reports towards those doing the describing.

1 July 2013

Religious freedom & law

Is the Refusal of Care "Symptomatic of a Mental Pathology"?

The CICNS reads the proceedings of a GEMPPI colloquium on refusals of care for ideological causes and finds the professionals answering the associations' question in the negative: a prison psychiatrist explains that the obligation to undergo care cannot apply and that religious refusal is not a psychiatric pathology, and the National Consultative Ethics Committee's opinion 87 holds that one has the right to be mad so long as that madness harms no one else.

1 March 2011

Media & public opinion

In Search of the Good Psychotherapist

CICNS reads a January 2011 LCP broadcast against itself: Georges Fenech places dependence at the heart of the dérive sectaire, Serge Hefez places it at the heart of healing, and the state diploma stands in for ethics. With a partial transcript of the exchange.

1 February 2011

Media & public opinion

Scientism, Beliefs and the Fight against Dérives Sectaires

Denis Mathieu on the unnamed scientism in French education - Comte, Renan, the popular-science magazines - and how it lends tacit authority to anti-cult journalism: a close reading of one investigation that lists facts under the heading "the facts" and demonstrates nothing, and of a Sciences et Avenir dossier that treats scholarly caution as mere academic reserve.

1 August 2010

Anti-cult movements

La manipulation mentale by Arnaud Esquerre: A Sociology of the Accusation Itself

The CICNS's June 2009 reading report on Esquerre's Fayard study, with long extracts: how the totalitarian, mentally manipulating cult was a French collective invention of the 1970s and 80s, how the About-Picard law created a state of psychological subjection that has never dissolved anyone, and what the Interior Ministry's own head of the bureau of religions says he cannot find to control.

1 June 2009

Case files

Waco: What Really Happened?

CICNS's account of the 1993 siege of the Branch Davidians at Mount Carmel: the ATF raid, the 51-day standoff, the final assault, and the media narrative.

1 January 2008

Government inquiries

An Independent Observatory of Alternative Spiritual, Educational and Therapeutic Movements: The CICNS's Proposal

The CICNS's full creation project, first drafted in 2007 and updated in March 2013: a map of every actor in the French cult question - executive, parliament, anti-cult associations, apostates, courts, media, researchers, neighbouring countries - the five reasons the current policy is not constructive, and a concrete structure modelled on Britain's INFORM, with its board, its mission and its financing.

1 January 2007

Case files

Spiritual Minorities and Sexual Abuse?

André Tarassi's 2006 dossier on the great sexual-abuse affairs involving spiritual leaders, from Chopra's ten-minute acquittal to the Mandarom defamation rulings: what survived the courts, what remained rumour, and the invisible abuse of score-settling behind the stigmatisation campaign.

1 January 2006

Media & public opinion

The Kinesiology Affair

Éric Bouzou's May 2005 article on the Moëlan-sur-Mer trial: five people in the dock, but Kinesiology itself pointed at, and behind the amalgam a question of fear and power. With the AFP dispatch on the verdict reproduced and annotated.

1 May 2005

Anti-cult movements

The Right to the Audacity to Think

Alain Chevillat of Terre du Ciel recounts the press barrage that greeted one invited speaker at his Aix-les-Bains forum, dismantles the parliamentary report the censors brandished, and claims for the individual the right to think differently, including the right to be wrong.

1 March 2005

Anti-cult movements

The Anti-Cult Discourse as a Support of Neoliberal Ideology

Maurice Duval's 2005 article for L'Homme et la Société: a Montpellier by-law banning all proselytism on the public highway used against a Trotskyist paper seller, alternative groups listed as cults in the 1996 report, the Weberian typology tested on the Mandarom, and fear tracked as it moves from the nuclear industry to the foreigner to the cults - the bedrock, he argues, of a security ideology that makes neoliberal policy acceptable.

1 January 2005

Anti-cult movements

Suicide and the Cults

Valérie Dole assembles what the serious research actually says about suicide in France, from the WHO figures to the prisons to Durkheim, and finds spiritual membership nowhere among the causes; the parallel drawn by anti-cultism runs the other way.

1 January 2005

Religious freedom & law

Leave Us Our Charlatans!

The December 2003 Le Monde text-petition by Marcela Iacub and Patrice Maniglier against the Accoyer amendment: patients asking the health authorities to stop protecting them from their own freely chosen therapists.

2 December 2003

Anti-cult movements

From Mental Manipulation to the Global Cult? Denis Duclos in Le Monde diplomatique

A CNRS research director's August 2000 essay: the cults amplify the society that denounces them, embracing its faith in education, media, networks and management, and the three great reactions to cultural crisis - accept, criticise, flee. Written as the French parliament voted mental manipulation into law, it argues that both the French repression and the American pressure reduce free will, and that the planetary market may be the largest cult of all.

1 August 2000